That mission was a record 18 hour and 25 minute strike that he piloted, even though his tour of duty was complete, just so his men would not fly behind a rookie pilot.
Thus, a secret attack was coordinated and executed by Dwight D. Eisenhower as they defeated the French troops, but upon meeting the real German soldiers, Americans were set back at Kasserine Pass. Italian dictator Mussolini was deposed, and a new government was set up. Two years later, he and his mistress were lynched and killed. The Allies began plans for a gigantic cross-channel invasion, and command of the whole operation was entrusted to General Eisenhower.
Meanwhile, MacArthur received a fake army to use as a ruse to Germany. After heavy resistance, Allied troops, some led by Gen.
George S. Patton , finally clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into France. Dewey , a young, liberal governor of New York, and paired him with isolationist John W. Bricker of Ohio. FDR was the Democratic lock, but because of his age, the vice presidential candidate was carefully chosen to be Harry S Truman , who won out over Henry A.
Wallace—an ill-balanced and unpredictable liberal. It was organized to get around the law banning direct use of union funds for political purposes. FDR won because the war was going well, and because people wanted to stick with him. The Last Days of Hitler On the retreat and losing, Hitler concentrated his forces and threw them in the Ardennes forest on December 16, , starting the Battle of the Bulge. He nearly succeeded in his gamble, but the ten-day penetration was finally stopped by the st Airborne Division that had stood firm at the vital bastion of Bastogne, which was commanded by Brigadier General A.
In March , the Americans reached the Rhine River of Germany, and then pushed toward the river Elbe, and from there, joining Soviet troops, they marched toward Berlin. Adolph Hitler, knowing that he had lost, committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, The last great naval battle at Leyte Gulf was lost by Japan, terminating its sea power status. In March , Iwo Jima was captured; this day assault left over 4, Americans dead. Okinawa was won after fighting from April to June of , and was captured at the cost of 50, American lives.
The first atomic bomb had been tested on July 16, Under the super-secret " Manhattan Project ", the U. Near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and when Japan refused to surrender, Americans dropped A-bombs onto Hiroshima on August 6, , killing , and Nagasaki on August 9, , killing 80, On August 8, , the Soviets declared war on Japan, just as promised, and two days later, on August 10, Japan sued for peace on one condition: that the Emperor Hirohito be allowed to remain on the Japanese throne.
The formal end came on September 2, , on the battleship U. Missouri where Hirohito surrendered to General MacArthur. The Allies Triumphant America suffered 1 million casualties, but the number killed by disease and infections was very low thanks to new miracle drugs like penicillin.
It was the Dutch West India Company that bought Manhattan Island for some worthless trinkets 22, acres of the most valuable land in the world today. New Amsterdam was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company and in the interests of stockholders. The Dutch gave patroonships large areas of land to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them.
New Amsterdam attracted people of all types and races. One French Jesuit missionary counted 18 different languages being spoken on the street. New England was hostile against Dutch growth. The Swedes trespassed Dutch reserves from to by planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River. Things got so bad that the Dutch erected a wall in New Amsterdam, for which Wall Street is named today. In , the Dutch sent one-legged Peter Stuyvesant to besiege the main Swedish fort, and he won, ending Swedish colonial rule and leaving only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence that the Swedes were ever in Delaware.
New Amsterdam was renamed New York. Dutch names of cities remained, like Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate. Even their architecture left its mark on buildings.
The Dutch also gave us Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf. They were offensive to religious and civil rule. Though stubborn and unreasonable, they were simple, devoted, democratic people against war and violence. William Penn , a well-born Englishman, embraced the Quaker faith. In , he managed to secure an immense grant of fertile land from the king. It was called Pennsylvania, in honor of Penn, who, being the modest person that he was, had insisted that it be called Sylvania.
It was the best advertised of all the colonies. Philadelphia was more carefully planned than most cities, with beautiful, wide streets. His treatment of the Indians was so gentle that Quakers could walk through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt. However, as more and more non-Quakers came to Pennsylvania, they mistreated the Indians more and more.
Freedom of worship was available to everyone except for Jews and Catholics only because of pressure from London , and the death penalty was only for murder and treason. No restrictions were placed on immigration, and naturalization was made easy. The Quakers also developed a dislike toward slavery. Pennsylvania attracted a great variety of people from all races, class, and religion. By , only Virginia was more populous and richer. Penn, unfortunately, was not well-liked because of his friendliness towards James II, the deposed Catholic king, and he was jailed at times, and also suffered a paralytic stroke, dying full of sorrows.
New Jersey and Delaware prospered as well. All except for Delaware exported lots of grain. The Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the rivers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls. The middle colonies were the middle way between New England and the southern plantation states. Landholdings were generally intermediate in size.
The middle colonies were more ethnically mixed than other colonies. A considerable amount of economic and social democracy prevailed. Benjamin Franklin , born in Boston, entered Philadelphia as a seventeen-year-old in with a loaf of bread under each arm and immediately found a congenial home in the urbane, open atmosphere of the city.
Americans began to realize that not only were they surviving, but that they were also thriving. Late in the 17th century, as the supply of indentured servants slowly ran out, the southerners resolved to employ black slaves.
From to , 11, Puritans swarmed to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In contrast to the indentured servants, Puritans migrated in family groups, not alone. Puritans brought the way of life from England with them to America. Marblehead, Mass. The railroads by fixing freight prices , the middlemen by taking huge cuts in profits , and the various harvester, barbed wire, and fertilizer trusts all harassed farmers.
In , one half of the U. Kelley to improve the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Eventually, it spread to claim over , members in , and the Grange changed its goals to include the improvement of the collective plight of the farmer.
The Grangers found most success in the upper Mississippi Valley, and eventually, they managed to get Congress to pass a set of regulations known as the Granger Laws, but afterwards, their influence faded. The Greenback Labor Party also attracted farmers, and in , the Greenback Laborites polled over a million votes and elected 14 members of Congress.
In , the Greenbackers ran General James B. However, its programs only aimed at those who owned their own land, thereby ignoring the tenant farmers, and it purposely excluded Blacks. The Alliance members agreed on the 1 nationalization of railroads, 2 the abolition of national banks, 3 a graduated income tax, and 4 a new federal sub-treasury for farmers.
Populists were led by Ignatius Donnelly from Minnesota and Mary Elizabeth Lease , both of whom spoke eloquently and attacked those that hurt farmers banks, railroads, etc. Many disgruntled unemployed fled to D. They called for: relieving unemployment by an inflationary government public works program. The march fizzled out when they were arrested for walking on the grass.
Debs helped organize the workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company. Workers struck, sometimes violently. Attorney General Richard Olney called in federal troops to break up the strike. His rationale: the strike was interfering with the transit of U. Debs went to prison for 6 months and turned into the leading Socialist in America. McKinley was the making of another Ohioan, Marcus Alonzo Hanna , who financially and politically supported the candidate through his political years.
McKinley was a conservative in business, preferring to leaves things alone, and his platform was for the gold standard, even though he personally was not. His platform also called for a gold-silver bimetallism—provided that all the other nations in the world did the same, which was not bound to happen. At the Democratic Convention in Chicago, Bryan delivered a movingly passionate speech in favor of free silver.
The Democratic ticket called for unlimited coinage of silver with the ratio of 16 silver ounces worth as much as one ounce of gold. Democrats who would not stand for this left the party. This election was perhaps the most important since the elections involving Abraham Lincoln, for it was the first to seemingly pit the privileged against the underprivileged, and it resulted in a victory for big business and big cities.
And, put to the vote, it was clear then that Americans were going with gold. Also in the election, the Middle Class preserved their comfortable way of life while the Republicans seized control of the White House of 16 more years. Republican Standpattism Enthroned When McKinley took office in , he was calm and conservative, working well with his party and avoiding major confrontations.
The Dingley Tariff Bill was passed to replace the Wilson-Gorman law and raise more revenue, raising the tariff level to whopping US History. Subject X Printer-friendly version. Need Help? Need Notes? About Course-Notes.
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